From the state-of-the-art 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter with its innovative 1138 Oxygen Combustion Bomb to the 1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeter using the industry-standard 1108 style Oxygen Bomb, you get Parr Quality, Reliability, and World-Class Support.
Overview
From the state-of-the-art 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter with its innovative 1138 Oxygen Combustion Bomb to the 1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeter using the industry-standard 1108 style Oxygen Bomb, you get Parr Quality, Reliability, and World-Class Support.
Types of calorimeter
Isoperibol Calorimetry
An isoperibol calorimeter is one where the surrounding jacket is maintained at a constant temperature while the temperature of the bomb and bucket rise as heat is released by the combustion. The Model
6400
and
6200
Calorimeters are true isoperibol calorimeters. In these implementations, a water jacket, maintained at a fixed temperature, completely surrounds the combustion bomb and its ‘bucket’. A microprocessor-based controller monitors both the temperature of the bucket and the jacket and performs the necessary heat leak corrections that result from differences in these two temperatures. These corrections are applied continuously throughout a test rather than as a final correction based on pre and post test measurements.
Continuously Compensated Calorimetry
The Parr 6100 and 6050 Calorimeters
take advantage of the real time, continuously corrected method developed by Parr in its implementation of the isoperibol method. No attempt is made in the
Model 6100 or 6050 Calorimeter
to establish the constant jacket temperature required for isoperibol calorimetry. Instead, the temperature of the jacket is continuously monitored and real time heat leak corrections are applied based upon the temperature difference between the bucket and the actual temperature of the jacket. While this method is not truly an isoperibol method, its real time correction procedure achieves the same purpose with nearly equal results. What it can not do is match the temperature uniformity of a circulating water jacket.
Compensated Calorimetry
The Parr 6772 Calorimetric Thermometer, serving as a controller for the 1341 or 6725 Calorimeters, uses yet another approach to emulate the isoperibol calorimetric method. In these calorimeter systems, the heat leak is precisely measured during the calorimetric pre-period. This evaluation results in an estimate of the effective, average temperature of the calorimeter surroundings. This temperature value is then used throughout the test interval to provide the calorimeter heat leak correction. While not as robust as either of the other two methods outlined above, it harnesses the computing power of the controller, with no additional hardware costs, to provide heat leak correction capability that is almost identical to the approach used when non-electronic thermometry and manual calorimetric techniques are employed.
Isoperibol Jacket vs. Isoperibol Mode
The most advanced oxygen bomb calorimeters use an Isoperibol water jacket. This a water jacket that is kept at a constant temperature at all times. This results in a consistent and predictable heat exchange between the bucket and jacket throughout the test.
There are two generally accepted methods for calculating the correction for heat gain or loss from a non-adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. The first is the Dickinson method while the second is the Regnault-Pfaundler method.
Some manufacturers claim an Isoperibol Mode even though their calorimeters do not have an isoperibol jacket. This claim is based on using the above methods to calculate the result.
Parr makes the distinction between an isoperibol jacket and these calculations. All of Parr’s bomb calorimeters use these calculations to determine the test results, but only the 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter and the 6200 Isoperibol Calorimeter are true isoperibol calorimeters.
Calorimeter Selection Criteria
There are a number of factors which should influence a user in his or her selection of a
calorimeter. In general, the following four areas will help define the correct calorimeter choice.
1. Precision
2. Workload
3. Type of Analysis: including Test Method, Sample Size and Sample Characteristics
4. Budget
1. Precision
Some instruments, by design, are able to provide data with greater precision than others. Instruments may be classified based on their expected performance and this classification isused to define limits by which data can be assessed.
Standard methods usually define a level of precision and/or accuracy, and therefore the
method parameters must be considered
Parr Calorimeter Model
Sigma or Instrument Class
Expected Accuracy(Benzoic Acid,1.0g)
6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter
0.10%
11373 ± 34 Btu/lb
6200 Isoperibol Calorimeter
0.10%
11373 ± 34 Btu/lb
6100 Compensated Jacket Calorimeter
0.20%
11373 ± 68 Btu/lb
6050 Compensated Jacket Calorimeter
0.20%
11373 ± 137 Btu/lb
1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeter
0.30%
11373 ± 102 Btu/lb
6725 Semi-micro Calorimeter r
0.40%
11373 ± 137 Btu/lb
2. Workload
The 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeters is designed to handle a large volume of
samples. Loading of the sample involves a simple 1/8th turn of the bomb head in the unit. The unit then automatically fills the bomb and bucket, ignites the sample, monitors the temperaturerise and flushes the system once the reaction is complete. Users will find that they can operate multiple calorimeters with ease. The operator time per test is estimated to be 1 minute and therefore it is possible for one operator to manage multiple units simultaneously.
The 6200 Isoperibol Calorimeter, 6100 Compensated Jacket Calorimeter, and 6050
Compensated Jacket Calorimeter can analyze just as many samples per instrument as the 6400 calorimeter; however, there is additional operator time per test and therefore fewer instruments can be operated at the same time. The user will need to fill and rinse the bomb as well as fill and drain the bucket. This requires repetitive action and therefore is recommended for a smaller number of samples. The operator time per test is estimated to be 6 minutes.
The 1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeter requires significant user time. Along with filling and
rinsing the bomb and filling and draining the bucket with water, the user must record the
temperatures during the course of the reaction. The estimated time that the user will spend with this instrument is 25 minutes per test. This process can be simplified for the user by adding the 6772 Calorimetric Thermometer. The thermometer will ignite the sample after the established pre-period and record the temperature change. It will also determine the energy equivalent factor of the system after standardization and apply the heat leak correction to subsequent samples.
3. Type of Analysis
The Parr 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter and 6200 Isoperibol Calorimeter utilize a controlled water jacket. The water jacket is maintained at a fixed temperature, completely surrounding the bomb and bucket. Many standard methods require a water jacketed system such as ASTM D5865. If that is the case, the user’s choice will be reduced to these models.
The 6200 calorimeter is able to provide the highest level of precision to the user. This is
possible because each component of the system can be controlled by the operator. For
example, the manual release of the bomb allows the user to have complete control over the exhaust of the vessel. This may be critical when analyzing the subsequent combustion products.
The 1108 series and 1138 oxygen bombs are designed to handle approximately 1 g of a
sample that liberates 5000 – 8000 calories using an oxygen charging pressure of 30 atm. The 1108P Oxygen Bomb is a version of the standard 1108 that it is constructed with a semipermanent fuse wire to be used with cotton thread in place of the more traditional thin gauge fuse wire. The 1108R Oxygen Bomb is designed with a compression ring seal rather than an o-ring and utilizes the same semi-permanent fuse design found in the 1108P.
The 6050 Compensated Jacked Calorimeter is similar to the 6100 in terms of operation but employs the lighter 1110, and saves operator time by using an automatic oxygen filling system. The 1110 Vessel used in the 6050 Compensated Jacket Calorimeter is designed to test approximatively 1 gram of a sample that liberates 5000 – 10000 calories using an oxygen charging pressure of 30 atm.
Alloy 20 Cb3 is the standard alloy of construction for the 1108 Oxygen Combustion Bomb and the 1138 Oxygen Combustion Bomb. This alloy is resistant to sulfuric and nitric acid, common by-products of the combustion process. Alloy G30 is recommended for use with samples that contain a higher level of fluorine or chlorine as well as being resistant to sulfuric and nitric acid. Bombs constructed of this alloy are marked with “CL”.
T316 is the standard Alloy of construction for the 1110 Oxygen Combustion Vessel. Alloy C20 and Alloy G30 are also available.
Finally, the choice of bomb style may affect the calorimeter chosen. Bomb choice is dictated by sample size and alloy of construction. For example, the Parr 1109A Semi-micro Oxygen Bomb is designed for small samples such as marine biology or ecological studies. It may also be used when sample size is limited. This 22 mL bomb will handle samples that range from 25 to 200 milligrams, liberating 52 to 1200 calories when burned in oxygen, using initial pressures up to 35 atmospheres. Outputs of up to 2400 calories can be accommodated if the sample is self-oxidizing, provided it is burned in an inert atmosphere and does not produce gas..
On the other end of the Parr bomb family spectrum, the Parr 1104 Oxygen Bomb is designed for combustion tests of explosives and other fast burning, high energy samples, that burn with extreme violence. The 1104 Oxygen Bomb is also recommended for use with materials whose combustion characteristics are unknown or unpredictable. The 1104 Oxygen Bomb is a heavywalled, 240 mL vessel. It will handle samples liberating up to 12,000 calories using an oxygen charging pressure up to 45 atm (665 psig). Samples of smokeless powder weighing up to 4 grams have been burned in this bomb, but the requirements for safe operation vary so widely with different materials that it is difficult to make general statements regarding allowable
sample size.
4. Budget
Price will often be a deciding factor in the purchase of a calorimeter and will, of course, be taken into account. For current pricing or additional assistance on choosing the appropriate calorimeter, please contact the Fisher Scientific.
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From the state-of-the-art 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter with its innovative 1138 Oxygen Combustion Bomb to the 1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeter using the industry-standard 1108 style Oxygen Bomb, you get Parr Quality, Reliability, and World-Class Support.
Overview
From the state-of-the-art 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter with its innovative 1138 Oxygen Combustion Bomb to the 1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeter using the industry-standard 1108 style Oxygen Bomb, you get Parr Quality, Reliability, and World-Class Support.
Types of calorimeter
Isoperibol Calorimetry
An isoperibol calorimeter is one where the surrounding jacket is maintained at a constant temperature while the temperature of the bomb and bucket rise as heat is released by the combustion. The Model 6400 and 6200 Calorimeters are true isoperibol calorimeters. In these implementations, a water jacket, maintained at a fixed temperature, completely surrounds the combustion bomb and its ‘bucket’. A microprocessor-based controller monitors both the temperature of the bucket and the jacket and performs the necessary heat leak corrections that result from differences in these two temperatures. These corrections are applied continuously throughout a test rather than as a final correction based on pre and post test measurements.
Continuously Compensated Calorimetry
The Parr 6100 and 6050 Calorimeters take advantage of the real time, continuously corrected method developed by Parr in its implementation of the isoperibol method. No attempt is made in the Model 6100 or 6050 Calorimeter to establish the constant jacket temperature required for isoperibol calorimetry. Instead, the temperature of the jacket is continuously monitored and real time heat leak corrections are applied based upon the temperature difference between the bucket and the actual temperature of the jacket. While this method is not truly an isoperibol method, its real time correction procedure achieves the same purpose with nearly equal results. What it can not do is match the temperature uniformity of a circulating water jacket.
Compensated Calorimetry
The Parr 6772 Calorimetric Thermometer, serving as a controller for the 1341 or 6725 Calorimeters, uses yet another approach to emulate the isoperibol calorimetric method. In these calorimeter systems, the heat leak is precisely measured during the calorimetric pre-period. This evaluation results in an estimate of the effective, average temperature of the calorimeter surroundings. This temperature value is then used throughout the test interval to provide the calorimeter heat leak correction. While not as robust as either of the other two methods outlined above, it harnesses the computing power of the controller, with no additional hardware costs, to provide heat leak correction capability that is almost identical to the approach used when non-electronic thermometry and manual calorimetric techniques are employed.
Isoperibol Jacket vs. Isoperibol Mode
The most advanced oxygen bomb calorimeters use an Isoperibol water jacket. This a water jacket that is kept at a constant temperature at all times. This results in a consistent and predictable heat exchange between the bucket and jacket throughout the test.
There are two generally accepted methods for calculating the correction for heat gain or loss from a non-adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. The first is the Dickinson method while the second is the Regnault-Pfaundler method.
Some manufacturers claim an Isoperibol Mode even though their calorimeters do not have an isoperibol jacket. This claim is based on using the above methods to calculate the result.
Parr makes the distinction between an isoperibol jacket and these calculations. All of Parr’s bomb calorimeters use these calculations to determine the test results, but only the 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter and the 6200 Isoperibol Calorimeter are true isoperibol calorimeters.
Calorimeter Selection Criteria
There are a number of factors which should influence a user in his or her selection of a calorimeter. In general, the following four areas will help define the correct calorimeter choice.
1. Precision
2. Workload
3. Type of Analysis: including Test Method, Sample Size and Sample Characteristics
4. Budget
1. Precision
Some instruments, by design, are able to provide data with greater precision than others. Instruments may be classified based on their expected performance and this classification isused to define limits by which data can be assessed.
Standard methods usually define a level of precision and/or accuracy, and therefore the method parameters must be considered
2. Workload
The 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeters is designed to handle a large volume of samples. Loading of the sample involves a simple 1/8th turn of the bomb head in the unit. The unit then automatically fills the bomb and bucket, ignites the sample, monitors the temperaturerise and flushes the system once the reaction is complete. Users will find that they can operate multiple calorimeters with ease. The operator time per test is estimated to be 1 minute and therefore it is possible for one operator to manage multiple units simultaneously.
The 6200 Isoperibol Calorimeter, 6100 Compensated Jacket Calorimeter, and 6050 Compensated Jacket Calorimeter can analyze just as many samples per instrument as the 6400 calorimeter; however, there is additional operator time per test and therefore fewer instruments can be operated at the same time. The user will need to fill and rinse the bomb as well as fill and drain the bucket. This requires repetitive action and therefore is recommended for a smaller number of samples. The operator time per test is estimated to be 6 minutes.
The 1341 Plain Jacket Calorimeter requires significant user time. Along with filling and rinsing the bomb and filling and draining the bucket with water, the user must record the temperatures during the course of the reaction. The estimated time that the user will spend with this instrument is 25 minutes per test. This process can be simplified for the user by adding the 6772 Calorimetric Thermometer. The thermometer will ignite the sample after the established pre-period and record the temperature change. It will also determine the energy equivalent factor of the system after standardization and apply the heat leak correction to subsequent samples.
3. Type of Analysis
The Parr 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter and 6200 Isoperibol Calorimeter utilize a controlled water jacket. The water jacket is maintained at a fixed temperature, completely surrounding the bomb and bucket. Many standard methods require a water jacketed system such as ASTM D5865. If that is the case, the user’s choice will be reduced to these models.
The 6200 calorimeter is able to provide the highest level of precision to the user. This is possible because each component of the system can be controlled by the operator. For example, the manual release of the bomb allows the user to have complete control over the exhaust of the vessel. This may be critical when analyzing the subsequent combustion products.
The 1108 series and 1138 oxygen bombs are designed to handle approximately 1 g of a sample that liberates 5000 – 8000 calories using an oxygen charging pressure of 30 atm. The 1108P Oxygen Bomb is a version of the standard 1108 that it is constructed with a semipermanent fuse wire to be used with cotton thread in place of the more traditional thin gauge fuse wire. The 1108R Oxygen Bomb is designed with a compression ring seal rather than an o-ring and utilizes the same semi-permanent fuse design found in the 1108P.
The 6050 Compensated Jacked Calorimeter is similar to the 6100 in terms of operation but employs the lighter 1110, and saves operator time by using an automatic oxygen filling system. The 1110 Vessel used in the 6050 Compensated Jacket Calorimeter is designed to test approximatively 1 gram of a sample that liberates 5000 – 10000 calories using an oxygen charging pressure of 30 atm.
Alloy 20 Cb3 is the standard alloy of construction for the 1108 Oxygen Combustion Bomb and the 1138 Oxygen Combustion Bomb. This alloy is resistant to sulfuric and nitric acid, common by-products of the combustion process. Alloy G30 is recommended for use with samples that contain a higher level of fluorine or chlorine as well as being resistant to sulfuric and nitric acid. Bombs constructed of this alloy are marked with “CL”.
T316 is the standard Alloy of construction for the 1110 Oxygen Combustion Vessel. Alloy C20 and Alloy G30 are also available.
Finally, the choice of bomb style may affect the calorimeter chosen. Bomb choice is dictated by sample size and alloy of construction. For example, the Parr 1109A Semi-micro Oxygen Bomb is designed for small samples such as marine biology or ecological studies. It may also be used when sample size is limited. This 22 mL bomb will handle samples that range from 25 to 200 milligrams, liberating 52 to 1200 calories when burned in oxygen, using initial pressures up to 35 atmospheres. Outputs of up to 2400 calories can be accommodated if the sample is self-oxidizing, provided it is burned in an inert atmosphere and does not produce gas..
On the other end of the Parr bomb family spectrum, the Parr 1104 Oxygen Bomb is designed for combustion tests of explosives and other fast burning, high energy samples, that burn with extreme violence. The 1104 Oxygen Bomb is also recommended for use with materials whose combustion characteristics are unknown or unpredictable. The 1104 Oxygen Bomb is a heavywalled, 240 mL vessel. It will handle samples liberating up to 12,000 calories using an oxygen charging pressure up to 45 atm (665 psig). Samples of smokeless powder weighing up to 4 grams have been burned in this bomb, but the requirements for safe operation vary so widely with different materials that it is difficult to make general statements regarding allowable sample size.
4. Budget
Price will often be a deciding factor in the purchase of a calorimeter and will, of course, be taken into account. For current pricing or additional assistance on choosing the appropriate calorimeter, please contact the Fisher Scientific.
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